How it works
Nine layers, from the sensors to the steering wheel.
The software runs today in our own off-road simulator, built on Project Chrono, where the tyres sink, slip and bog down in real soil models. Each layer says which parts are running and which are designed.
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Sensors
LiDAR, cameras, radar, RTK GPS and an IMU, each simulated from its real part's datasheet. A thermal camera for people and animals at night is planned.
Running in simulation
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Localization
An extended Kalman filter fuses GPS, a two-antenna heading and the IMU to about 3 cm. A measurement that disagrees too much is thrown out, which is how a spoofed GPS fix gets rejected. Its confidence caps the speed.
Running in simulation
Driving without GPS: designed
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Perception
Every camera labels each pixel: track, grass, soil, water, trees. The labels are placed on the ground the LiDAR measured, so a pond only the camera can see still stops the vehicle.
Running in simulation
Object detection: being moved over
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The map
One map around the vehicle in 50 cm cells. The LiDAR fits the ground under each cell. A step of more than 0.22 m, or ground tilted past about 22°, is refused. Camera labels are projected onto the ground the LiDAR measured.
Running in simulation
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Planning
A route over known roads and ground seen as drivable, kept until something blocks it and then repaired. A local path that keeps clear of obstacles. A state-lattice planner for U-turns, three-point turns and escapes. Every refusal comes with a named reason.
Running in simulation
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Control
Autoware's controllers turn the path into steering, throttle and brake: pure pursuit for the wheel and a PID loop for speed, through a model of the real actuators' delays and limits.
Running in simulation
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Drive-by-wire
Steering motor, brake actuator, gear actuator and throttle interposer on the kit's own CAN bus.
Designed, bench tests months 1-4
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Safety computer
A separate computer watches the main one and can only slow or stop the vehicle. The hardware e-stop cuts power to the actuators through a relay, with no software involved.
Designed
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Operator link
A web dashboard shows the map, the route, the cameras, and why the vehicle is doing what it does. Click a point, press GO. Missions travel over the customer's own radio, encrypted and signed. If the link drops, the vehicle stays inside its mission area and returns after a set time.
Dashboard running